Citations

1. Fernstrom, J.D. and R.J. Wurtman, Brain serotonin: Increase following ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science, 1971. 174(Dec. 3): p. 1023-1025.
   One of the original articles linking serotonin levels to diet.
2. Wurtman, J.J. and R.J. Wurtman, Fenfluramine and fluoxetine spare protein consumption while suppressing caloric intake by rats. Science, 1977. 194(December): p. 1178-1180.
   
3. Kampov-Polevoy, A., J.C. Garbutt, and D. Janowsky, Evidence of preference for a high-concentration sucrose solution in alcoholic men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1997. 154(2): p. 269-270.
   Kampov presents one of the first clear links between sugar consumption and alcoholism.
   
4. Guenther, R., Ph.D., The role of nutritional therapy in alcoholism treatment. International Journal of Biosocial Research, 1983. 4(1): p. 5-18.
   
5. Mathews-Larson, J. and R.A. Parker, Alcoholism treatment with biochemical restoration as a major component. International Journal of Biosocial Research, 1987. 9(1): p. 92-106.
   
6. DesMaisons, K., Biochemical restoration as an intervention for multiple offense drunk driving. 1996, Ph.D. diss., The Union Institute.
   
7. Leibach, I., et al., Morphine tolerance in genetically selected rats induced by chronically elevated saccharine intake. Science, 1983. 221(26 August): p. 871-873.
   
8. Bachmanov, A.A., M.G. Tordoff and G.K. Beauchamp, Ethanol consumption and taste preferences in C57BL/6ByJ and 129/J mice. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1996. 20(2): p. 201-206.
   
9. Stewart, R.B., et al., Consumption of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter solutions by selectively bred alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring lines of rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1994. 18(2): p. 375-381.
   
10. Forsander, O.A. and A.R. Pösö, Is carbohydrate metabolism genetically related to alcohol drinking? Alcohol and Alcoholism, 1987. 1: p. 357-59.
    Building the case for the inheritance of sugar sensitivity.
    
11. Goas, J.A. Endocrine factors underlying the ethanol preference of C57B1/6j Mice. Alcohol III. 1978. Stanford University.
    This is not the same article, but related. Goas is one of the intriguing arguments that started me off.
    
12. Kanarek, R.B. and N. Orthen-Gambill, Differential effects of sucrose, fructose and glucose on carbohydrate-induced obesity in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 1982. 112: p. 1546-1554.
    
13. Geiselman, P.J. and D. Novin, The role of carbohydrates in appetite, hunger and obesity. Appetite: Journal for Intake Research, 1982. 3: p. 203-223.
    
14. Cadoret, R.J., M.D., C.A. Cain, and W.M. Grove, M.S., Development of alcoholism in adoptees raised apart from alcoholic biologic relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980. 37(May): p. 561-563.
    
15. Gianoulakis, C., et al., Different pituitary beta-endorphin and adrenal cortisol response to ethanol in individuals with high and low risk for future development of alcoholism. Life Sciences (England), 1989. 45(12): p. 1097-1109.
    I love Gianoulakis' work - here she talks about a different body response in children of alcoholics.
    
16. Yung, L., E. Gordis, and J. Holt, Dietary choices and likelihood of abstinence among alcoholic patients in an outpatient clinic. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1983. 12: p. 355-362.
    
17. Israel, K.D., Otho E. Michaelis IV, Sheldon Reiser, Mark Keeney, Serum uric acid, inorganic phosphorus, and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and blood pressure in carbohydrate-sensitive adults consuming three different levels of sucrose. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 1983. 27: p. 425-435.
    
18. Ipp, E., R. Dobbs, and R.H. Unger, Morphine and beta-endorphin influence the secretion of the endocrine pancreas. Nature, 1978. 276: p. 190-191.
    
19. Bartoshuk, L.M., Sweetness: History, preference, and genetic variability. Food Technology, 1991. November: p. 108-113.
    
20. Looy, H., S. Callaghan, and H. Weingarten, Hedonic response of sucrose likers and dislikers to other gustatory stimuli. Physiology and Behavior, 1992. 52(Aug): p. 219-225.
    
21. Laeng, B., K. Berridge, and C. Butter, Pleasantness of sweet taste during hunger and satiety: Effects of gender and "sweet tooth". Appetite, 1993. 21(Dec): p. 247-254.
    
22. Wurtman, J.J., H.R. Lieberman and B. Chew, Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1986. 44: p. 772-778.
    This is the same article, but it lists Lieberman as first author.
    
23. Brown, G.L., M.D., CSF serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) studies in depression, impulsivity, and violence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1990. 51(4 [suppl.]): p. 31-41.
    
24. Virkkunen, M., M.D., Brain serotonin, type II alcoholism and impulsive violence. Journal of the Study of Alcoholism, 1993. 11(suppl.): p. 163-169.
    Virkkunen is one of the major researchers on serotonin levels and violence.
    
25. Hrdina, P., et al., Serotonergic markers in platelets of patients with major depression: Upregulation of 5-HT2 receptors. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 1995. 20(1)(Jan): p. 11-9.
    
26. Wurtman, R.J. and J.J. Wurtman, Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity, and depression. Obesity Research, 1995. 3 Suppl. 4: p. 477S-480S.
    A key piece in the serotonin/mood story.
    
27. Gill, K., Y. Filion, et al., A further examination of the effects of sertraline on voluntary ethanol consumption. Alcohol, 1988. 5: p. 355-358.
    
28. Van der Kolk, B.A., Mark S. Greenberg, Scott P. Orr, and Roger K. Pitman, Endogenous opioids, stress induced analgesia, and post traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 1989. 25(3): p. 417-421.
    
29. Van der Kolk, B.A., The body keeps score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of post traumatic stress. 1993, Massachusetts General Hospital.
    This is the same author and article, different publication. This is an exceptionally good reference for PTSD and opioid involvement.
    
30. Fernstrom, M.H. and J.D. Fernstrom, Brain tryptophan concentrations and serotonin synthesis remain responsive to food consumption after the ingestion of sequential meals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995. 61: p. 312-319.
    Timing of protein and carbohydrates are important.
    
31. Gianoulakis, C., B. Krishnan, and J. Thavundayil, Enhanced sensitivity of pituitary beta-endorphin to ethanol in subjects at high risk of alcoholism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1996. 52(3): p. 250-257.
    
32. Cleary, J., et al., Naloxone effects on sucrose-motivated behavior. Psychopharmacology, 1996. 176: p. 110-114.
    
33. Czirr, S.A. and L.D. Reid, Demonstrating morphine's potentiating effects on sucrose-intake. Brain Research Bulletin, 1986. 17: p. 639-642.
    
34. Blass, E.M., E. Fitzgerald, and P. Kehoe, Interactions between sucrose, pain and isolation distress. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 1986. 26: p. 483-489.
    Here is the article about using sweet to take care of isolation.
    
35. Leventhal, L., et al., Selective actions of central mu and kappa opioid antagonists upon sucrose intake in sham-fed rats. Brain Research, 1995. 685(Jul 10): p. 205-210.
    
36. Moles, A. and S. Cooper, Opioid modulation of sucrose intake in CD-1 mice: Effects of gender and housing conditions. Physiology and Behavior, 1995. 58(Oct): p. 791-796.
    
37. Cheraskin, E., M.D., D.M.D. and W.M. Ringsdorf, Jr., M.S., D.M.D., A biochemical denominator in the primary prevention of alcoholism. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 1980. 9(3): p. 158-163.
    
38. Genazzani, A.R., et al., Central deficiency of ß-endorphin in alcohol addicts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1982. 55(3): p. 583-586.
    
39. Gianoulakis, C. and J.-P. de Waele, Genetics of alcoholism: Role of the endogenous opioid system. Metabolic Brain Disease, 1994. 9(2)105-31.
    
40. Ritter, M., et al., Beta-endorphin plasma levels and their dependence on gender during an enteral glucose load in lean subjects as well as in obese patients before and after weight gain. International Journal of Obesity, 1991. 15(June): p. 421-427.
    
41. Gearl, R., et al., Kappa-opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than men. Division of Rheumatology, UCSF, 1996.
    
42. Quigley, M.E. and S.S.C. Yen, The role of endogenous opiates on LH secretion during the menstrual cycle. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1980. 51(1): p. 179-81.
    Information about beta endorphin and PMS
    
43. Bowen, D.J. and N.E. Grunberg, Variations in food preference and consumption across the menstral cycle. Physiology and Behavior, 1990. 47: p. 287-291.
    
44. Giannini, A., et al., Symptoms of premenstral syndrome as a beta-endorphin: Two subtypes. Program Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry, 1994. 18(2): p. 321-327.
    
45. Rozin, P., E. Levine and C. Stoess, Chocolate craving and liking. Appetite, 1991. 17(3): p. 199-212.
    
46. Morley, J.E., M.B., B.Ch. and A.S. Levine, Ph.D., The role of the endogenous opiates as regulators of appetite. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1982. 35: p. 757-761.
    
47. Brunani, A., et al., Influence of insulin on beta-endorphin plasma levels in obese and normal weight of subjects. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 1996. 20(8): p. 710-714.
    
48. Besson, A., et al., Effects of morphine, Naloxone and their interaction in the learned-helplessness paradigm in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 1996. 123(1): p. 71-78.
    
49. Panksepp, J., R. Meeker and N.J. Bean, The neurochemical control of crying. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 1979. 12: p. 437-443.
    Beta endorphin and tears
    
50. Zorrilla, E.P., R.J. DeRubeis and E. Redei, High self-esteem, hardiness and affective stability are associated with higher basal pituitary-adrenal hormone levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1995. 20(6): p. 591-601.
    Here is the article that talks about self esteem and beta endorphin levels.
    
51. Shoemaker, W. and P. Kehoe, Effect of isolation conditions on brain regional enkephalin and beta-endorphin levels and vocalizations in 10-day-old rat pups. Behavioral Neuroscience (United States), 1995. 109(1)(Feb): p. 117-22.
    
52. de Waele, J.P., K. Kiianmaa and C. Gianoulakis, Distribution of the mu and delta opioid binding sites in the brain of the alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA lines of rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1995. 275(1): p. 518-527.
    
53. Van Ree, J., Endorphins and experimental addiction. Alcohol, 1996. 13(1): p. 25-30.
    
54. Volpicelli, J.R., M.D., Ph.D., et al., Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1992. 49: p. 876-880.
    

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Eades, Michael, M.D., and Mary Dan Eades, M.D., Protein Power. 1999, New York: Bantam.


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